تم استخدام عدة نماذج رياضية لتقدير الإشعاع الشمسي بأنواعه الكلي والمنتشر والمباشر لسطح أفقي ومقارنة النتائج المستخلصة من هذه النماذج بالبيانات المقاسة المتحصل عليها من مركز دراسات الطاقة الشمسية بطرابلس للسنوات من سنة 1993 إلى 1995 كذلك مع النتائج المتحصل عليها من دراسات سابقة. نستخلص من هذه الدراسة أن نموذجي Dogniaux و Glover هما من أفضل النماذج التي يمكن استخدامها للتنبؤ بكمية الإشعاع الشمسي الكلي الساقط على سطح أفقي لمدينة طرابلس والمناطق المحيطة بها وأن نموذج Page هو النموذج الأفضل لتقدير الإشعاع الشمسي المنتشر على سطح أفقي لمدينة طرابلس والمناطق المحيطة بها، في حين لوحظ أن نموذج Igbalلا يمكن استخدامه للتنبؤ بقيم الإشعاع الشمسي المباشر الساقط على سطح أفقي لهذه المدينة. كذلك استنبطت معادلات تجريبية شهرية يمكن استخدامها لتقدير الإشعاع الشمسي بأنواعه لسطح أفقي لأي فترة زمنية أخرى لمدينة طرابلس والمناطق القريبة منها في حالة عدم توفر البيانات المقاسة آخذين في الاعتبار المتغيرات المناخية وذلك لزيادة الدقة في النتائج المتوقعة. كما تضمنت الدراسة استخدام عدد من النماذج لتقدير الإشعاع الشمسي الكلي على سطح مائل وقورنت النتائج المستخلصة بالبيانات المقاسة لمدينة طرابلس عند زاوية ميلان32o مع الأفقي. وجد أن نموذج HDKR هو من أفضل النماذج التي يمكن استخدامها لتقدير الإشعاع الشمسي الكلي على سطح مائل، بالتالي تم استخدام هذا النموذج في إيجاد الزوايا المثلى الشهرية والزاوية المثلى السنوية لمدينة طرابلس. كما تم تطوير برنامج فورتران يمكن استخدامه لإيجاد قيم الإشعاع الشمسي بأنواعه الكلي والمنتشر والمباشر لسطح أفقي لمختلف النماذج المذكورة في الفصل الثاني وكذلك من إيجاد معادلات تجريبية شهرية محلية من الدرجة الأولى والثانية والثالثة لتقدير الإشعاع الشمسي بأنواعه المختلفة وذلك باستخدام مختلف المتغيرات المناخية. كما يمكن استخدام هذا البرنامج في إيجاد قيم الإشعاع الشمسي الكلي عند أي زاوية ميلان ولأي شهر من أشهر السنة لمختلف النماذج المذكورة في الفصل الثالث علاوة على قيم الإشعاع الشمسي عند الزوايا المثلى الشهرية والسنوية. Abstract An empirical study was performed to evaluate the validity of various insolation models by estimating the global, diffuse and direct solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface and global solar radiation incident on a tilted surface for the city of Tripoli, Libya. Data sets, measured half-hourly, of insolation values were obtained over 3-year period (1993–1995) from the Center for Solar Energy Studies, Tripoli using pyranometers which received diffuse and global solar radiation on a horizontal plane and global radiation on a surface tilted toward the equator at 32o angle above the horizontal. Also the global and diffuse data measured at the Physics Department for the years 1990-1991 was also partially used in the study. Data on the horizontal surface was converted to the tilted case using the known models and the results were compared with the measured ones at 32o with the horizontal. It was found that the Dogniaux – Lemoin, and Page correlations are the best to predict the global and diffuse radiation respectively incident on a horizontal surface. While the Igbal model cannot predict adequately the direct solar radiation over Tripoli. Furthermore the HDKR is the best model that could be used to predict the global radiation incident on a tilted surface in Tripoli, hence it was used to calculate the monthly and yearly optimum tilt angels for Tripoli. Finally, the computer code, written in Fortran language was used to develop local equations, taking into account some meteorological variables, using one, two, and three degrees polynomials. Three equations were obtained that predict, the global, diffuse, and direct solar radiation for the city of Tripoli with fits that surpass the well-established models mentioned above. Therefore we recommend these three equations to be used for the city of Tripoli and near-by locations to estimate the three types of solar insolation.
يوسف ابوعيسي عبد الحميد الطباخ (2002)

Abstract The main objective of this research is studying the effect laser parameters on the linear energy absorption mechanism of laser produced plasma in under critical density zone as a result of high power laser incidence. The work is based on a model designed for CO2 laser which was improved in other studies to include different wavelength considering the type of the plasma material. The results have shown that the total absorbed laser energy per unit length increases with the increase of the laser power, the focal laser of the beam, the atomic number of the plasma material and the laser pulse duration, and decreases according to the increase of the wavelength of the laser light moreover there is an optimum angle in which the laser energy per length unit has its maximum magnitude.
عز الدين الهاشمي للاموج (2015)

Abstract Laser surface treatment of materials is one of the most effective methods of improving properties and performance of metallic articles. This technique proved its capabilities and advantages in comparison with other methods of surface treatment As an example, it has been shown that the distortion caused by this type of treament is at least one order of magnitude smaller than by that due to other techniques. Moreeover, laser beam is capable of reaching practically any point of the surface whatever it is narrow or difficult to reach by other techniques. The current work investigates the possibility of improving certain mechanical properties of both technically pure aluminum and A1-4o/oSi alloy, using ruby laser of 3 xl 05 W/cm2 power density. The surface of the investigated materials has been impregnated by SiC particles of varying size ranges, with or without firrther alloying of the surface with Titanium powder addition to the impregnated mixture. The laser treatment included coating one surface of each specimen of SiC particles by means of a binder added at a certain ratio (with or without Ti additions to the mixture). The coated surface was then subjected to the laser beam, which melted a layer I OO-150Jilll thick. Due to hydrodynamic effects the melt mixes with SiC particles and dissolves some or all of the added Ti and rapidly solidifies forming a thin layer distinct in properties from the original surface. Two groups of specimens were used in this study. The first group was treated by impregnating SiC particles of one size range with or without Ti-additions. Various numbers of laser pulses have been applied increasmg in a geometrical progression (1-2-4-8 pulses). These specimens were used for the study of the effect of varying: 1) the chemical composition of the substrate materials ;2) the number of laser pulses :and 3) the effect of Ti additions to the impregnating mixture on the microstracture and microhardness of the treated zones. The specimens of the 2nd group were coated by a square network of laser treated zones each 1.5mm in diameter. These specimens have been used to study :1) the effect of the chemical composition of the substrate material ;2) the size of the SiC particles and 3) the effect of Ti addition to the mixture on the wear perfomance of the treated specimens. Identical specimens have been used to determine the solubility of Si into the aluminum phase during the test by means of x-ray diffraction. This dissolved Si is partly responsible for the increase ID microhardness and wear resistance of the investigated specimens. The results show the positive effect of the applied treatment on the properties and preformence of technically pure AI and A-4%Si alloy. The materials microhardness within the treated zones has been increased by a factor of 2.7 and 2.4 for pure Al and Al-4%Si substrates, respectively. The microstructure of the treated zones became more homogeneous and the penetration of SiC particles into them has been increased with increasing the number of the applied laser pulses. The wear resistance of pure Al has been increased by a factor of 73.6 due to laser assisted impregnation, while that of AI-4%Si by afactor of 42.5. Wear resistance was found to increase with I) Si addition to the base metal; 2) Ti addition to the impregnated mixture, and 3) increasing the SiC particle size. This thesis is a part of a wider study that deals with surface treatment of Al and AI-Si alloys undertaken in our laboratry. Such study proved how effective the laser alloying and impregnation of such alloys in improving some of their mechanical properties which are important in industrial application, especially in internal combustion engine design.
أسماء عبد الرزاق وهرة (2002)