نبات الثوم الأسود والمنتمى للعائلة النباتية (البصلية) ، ينمو في بعض المناطق من العالم كما قبرص ولقد سجلت دراسات محدودة حول هذا النبات. ولقد تم في هذه الأطروحة العلمية الفحص الكيميائي النباتي الأولي، وتقييم النشاط المضادة للأكسدة، وتحديد القيمة الغذائية والتحقيق في النشاط المضادات للميكروبات لنبات الثوم الأسود. لقد تم جمع النبات من منطقة مسلاته في ليبيا. ولقد تم فصل الأجزاء الهوائية عن الأجزاء الجذرية وتم التجفيف فى الظل ثم طحنت الأجزاء الجافة الى مسحوق بودرة. مسحوق البودرة الجافة لكل من الأزهار والأبصال قد شهد استخلاص بطريقة النقع البارد باستخدام الميثانول فقط. نواتج الإستخلاص لكل من الأزهار والأبصال(2.30٪، 2.75٪) على التوالي. الفحص الكيميائي النباتي لنبات الثوم الأسود كشف عن وجود مركبات الفلافونويد، والمواد القابضة, السابونين والكومارين. لقد تم تقطيرالزهور الطازجة لنبات الثوم الأسود بطريقة التقطير بالبخار للحصول على الزيت العطري. الزيت العطرى المستخلص من أزهار نبات الثوم الأسود يتميز بلونه الأبيض ورائحته المميزة. وله ناتج استخلاص (0.065٪). الزيت العطرى المستخلص من الأزهار والمستخلص الميثانولى للأبصال تم تحليلهما عن طريق تحليل الكروماتوغرافيا الغازية - طيف الكتلة لتحديد التركيب الكيميائي. كانت المكونات الرئيسية من الزيت العطري تتكون من85.51) GRADSPK / 1 ٪) حيث تركيبته الجزيئية لم تحدد في المكتبة الخاصة بالجهاز 2،4 ثنائي ميثيل انديكان( 2.64, %( وحمض الديكانديويك دايديكيل داى استير، (%1.67) هيبتان 4-إيثيل (1.23٪)، 2-أمينودلتا-2-تايازولين المعرفة (0.94)، 1،1-مكرر فينيل سلفونيل-3-الميثيلين -4-ثلاثى الميثيل سيليل بيوتان (0.96٪). وعند تحليل مستخلص الأبصال المحضر بواسطة الميثانول بنفس طريقة التحليل المستخدمة للزيت العطري المستخلص من الأزهار كشف عن وجود مركبات رئيسية منها البينتاكسان, النوناكسان, الهينيكسان وكانت نسبها عالية نسبيا كما أظهر التحليل, ولقد أظهرت الدراسات العلمية السابقة أن هده المركبات لها تأثيرات طبية هامة ومنها التأثير الخافض للكوليستيرول, والمضاد للأكسدة, ولقد تم في هده الدراسة العلمية تقدير الفائدة الغذائية للأبصال من ناحية نسب البروتين والدهن والألياف والكربوهيدرات واستخدمت رابطة الأساليب التحليلية الرسمية للكيميائيين كطريقة معتمدة عالميا لإجراء هذا التحليل وكانت القيم التي تم الحصول عليها من البروتين، والدهون والألياف والكربوهيدرات (0.01 ± 0.65، 0.45 ± 0.01، 1.34 ± 0.09، 30.66 ± 0.58) على التوالي. وعند المقارنة بين كل من مستخلصات الأزهار والأبصال من ناحية التأثير المضاد للأكسدة, أظهرت النتائج أن فاعلية مستخلص الأبصال كمضاد للأكسدة أكثر من فاعلية مستخلص الأزهار. ومن الدراسات التي تم استخدامها في هده الرسالة البحثية أيضا هي تقييم النشاط المضاد للميكروبات لمستخلص الأبصال ولقد أظهرت النتائج أن المستخلص له تأثير فعال على الفطريات، وأما بالنسبة للبكتيريا فلم ينتج أي تأثير مضاد للبكتيريا على الأنواع البكتيرية المضمونة في الدراسة مما يعطينا إنطباع بأن هناك مركبات فعالة في نبات الثوم الأسود تحتاج إلى المزيد من الدراسة والفصل نظرا لفاعليتها المضادة للفطريات. Abstract: Allium nigrum family Alliaceae grows in some regions of the world as Cyprus, and a limited studies are reported on this plant. In this thesis a preliminary phytochemical screening, evaluation of antioxidant activity determination of nutritional value and investigation of antimicrobial activity of Allium nigrum. The plant was harvested from Msselata area in Libya. The aerial parts were separated from the root part and both were allowed for shade drying then grounded into a coarse powder. Then the ground powder of both flowers and bulbs had undergone extraction by cold maceration method using methanol only. The extraction yields for both flowers and bulbs are (2.30%, 2.75%) respectively. The phytochemical screening of A.nigrum revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins and coumarins. The fresh flowers of Allium nigrum allowed to be distilled by steam distillation method to obtain the essential oil. The oil characterized by white in colour with acharacterstic odor and has extraction yield of (0.065%). The extracted essential oil of flowers and methanolic extract of bulbs analyzed by GC-MS analysis for identification of the chemical composition. The major constituents of essential oil of A. nigrum were GRADSPK/1(85.51%) where its molecular formula not identified in this library, 2,4 dimethyl -undecane (2.64%), decanedioic acid, didecylester (1.67%), heptane-4-ethyl (1.23%), 2-amino -Delta.2-thiazoline (Labelled)(0.94),1,1-Bis (phenylsulfonyl) 3-methylene 4 (trimethylsilyl) butane (0.96%), and A, D-bridged Nitrocalixarene (0.72%).The GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract of A.nigrum showed the presence of thirty five compounds. The major components are pentacosane (8.468 %) nacosane (4.793 %), 4,6-diethyl-1,2,3,5-tetrathiolane (3.778%), pentacosane heneicosane, noncosane and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester were predominant in the extract. These five major compounds have been reported to have hypocholesterolemic activity, antioxidant and lubricating activity. The nutritional value of the bulbs of A. nigrum has been investigated and Association of the Official Analytical Chemists methods (2002) were used for performing this analysis. The obtained values for protein, fat, fibers and carbohydrates were (0.01 ±0.65 , 0.45 ± 0.01, 1.34 ± 0.09, 30.66 ± 0.58) respectively. In vitro antioxidant study revealed that the methanolic bulb extract was more potent as antioxidant (IC50=43.13) compared to methanolic flower extract (IC50 =227.68). The methanolic bulb extract was examined for antimicrobial activity which showed activity against Candida albicans (fungi) with zones of inhibition (7.5, 10 and 12.5mm) according to different extract concentrations (25, 50 and 100%) respectively. Otherwise the extract was ineffective against bacteria.
احمد محمد الحمروني (2015)

Aims: This work was carried out to screen for the presence of bacteria in roasted chicken sold in the market, poultries shop and restaurants in Tripoli. Study Design: A total of 25 roasted chicken and 25 raw chicken parts randomly collected from different selling points in Tripoli. Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology laboratory in microbiology and immunology department in the faculty of pharmacy in university of Tripoli, January 2013 to September 2013. Methodology: Bacteriologically examined using the standard microbiological method according to Based on the colonial morphological and biochemical test, the following bacteria species were isolated. Results: Prevalence of Salmonella was higher in raw chicken samples (100%) compared to the roasted one (28%), E. coli was detected in both raw and roasted chicken (32%), whereas Shigella and E. coli O157:H7 were detected only in roasted chicken [(8%) and (24%)] respectively. Conclusion: The study found that the raw chicken samples were more susceptible to bacterial contamination than the roasted chicken samples, therefore special strategies are needed to decrease the prevalence of bacterial pathogens in chicken samples present in Tripoli area. Therefore good handling/hygiene in processing and preheating of roasted chicken before consumption is recommended.
Basma Mohamed K Doro(1-2022)

Abstract Benzodiazepines are frequently prescribed as anxiolytics, sedatives hypnotics, and muscle relaxants as well as anticonvulsants. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are also the most widely used for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. Because of the chronic nature of epilepsy, NSAIDs may be used with benzodiazepines in patients with epilepsy. Therefore, there’s a probability of an interaction of NSAIDs and benzodiazepines in clinical practice. In order to study such interactions experimentally, an animal model was used. Thus, this thesis was aimed to explore pharmacological interactions between selective and non selective NSAIDs and diazepam anticonvulsant effect. Convulsion was induced in male albino mice by picrotoxin in two different doses (6 and 8 mg/kg), NSAIDs were used according to selectivity to cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX): Aspirin at 10 mg/kg (COX-1 selective inhibitor) and Aspirin at 100 and 200 mg/kg, diclofenac 10 and 20 mg/kg (non selective COX inhibitors) and celecoxib 20 mg/kg (COX-2 selective inhibitor). Diazepam at 1 and 2 mg/kg were chosen as low doses and parameters of convulsive behavior of picrotoxin deviation. psy, NSAIDs may be used with benzodiazepines in patients with epilepsy. Therefore, there’s a probability of an interaction of NSAIDs and benzodiazepines in clinical practice. In order to study such interactions experimentally, an animal model was used. Thus, this thesis was aimed to explore pharmacological interactions between selective and non selective NSAIDs and diazepam anticonvulsant effect. Convulsion was induced in male albino mice by picrotoxin in two different doses (6 and 8 mg/kg), NSAIDs were used according to selectivity to cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX): Aspirin at 10 mg/kg (COX-1 selective inhibitor) and Aspirin at 100 and 200 mg/kg, diclofenac 10 and 20 mg/kg (non selective COX inhibitors) and celecoxib 20 mg/kg (COX-2 selective inhibitor). Diazepam at 1 and 2 mg/kg were chosen as low doses and parameters of convulsive behavior of picrotoxin were observed in this thesis: onset time, episode frequency and death occurrence within post-injection of picrotoxin for 24 hrs. Aspirin in low dose (10 mg/kg) showed protection against death to about 50%. This protection which seems to be partially effective as anticonvulsant agent, however, higher dose of Aspirin (100 mg/kg) did not produce any significant change against convulsing in mice, Aspirin 200 mg/kg showed highly significant reduction of episode frequency (P < 0.001) and decreased percent of death. Furthermore, Aspirin 200 mg/kg in combination with diazepam has potentiated the effect of diazepam to complete protection against convulsion induced by picrotoxin. With respect to diclofenac, diclofenac pretreated-mice did not show any significant effect at 10 and 20 mg/kg with picrotoxin but in combination with diazepam showed significant potentiated effect of diazepam. Moreover, COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) alone delayed onset of convulsion without significant influence against the control but significantly decreased episodes and percent of death. Also in combination of celecoxib and diazepam, a highly potentiation of the effect and almost complete protection against convulsion behavior were noted (P < 0.001). Thus, it can be concluded that the studied NSAIDs have anticonvulsant behavior-like activity alone and in combination with diazepam. The most profound effect of anticonvulsant activity was showed in low episodes and mortality rate. In combination with diazepam, NSAIDs have more positive potential role in diazepam anticonvulsant effect. The present findings may also suggest that NSAIDs most likely COX-2 selective inhibitor is more potentiated diazepam’s anticonvulsant activity than COX-1 selective and non-selective inhibitors and such interaction could be more likely to be pharmacodynmic type.
نجمية محمد الزواوي (2014)