Abstract Water contamination is one of the major problems which the world is facing today. Water contamination not only effect environment and human health, but it has also impacts on economic and social costs. There are various ways used commercially and non- commercially to fight this problem which is advancing day by day due to technological progress There are many methods used for wastewater treatment, among these methods, the use of biological filters " trickling filter ", which depends on The basic idea is to get a larger surface area to get a better handle on the percentage. A composite media is used to replace the conventional stone in order to improve wastewater treatment in this thesis. The aim of this thesis to improve the performance of biological filters using nanotechnology, where to enhancing polymer media in biological and reinforced polypropylene by carbon fiber filters and talc by using electro spinning technology to produce the reinforced fiber that outlet from extruder. Design and simulate the extruder / die characteristics and studying The drag flow and pressure flow were then extracted from the screw parameters which lead into the calculation of the operation point and the operating pressure for the die. Also studying the effect of pressure and viscosity. Calculation of , and extruder characteristic is performed in order to allocate the operating point of the extruder.Two brand of carbon fiber are used in this thesis. The chapter type is at A tensile strength of 800 MN/m2. is selected. The operating pressure of the extruder is found to vary form 29.8 to 38.95 MN/m2 at an operating flow rate of 1.52*10-5 m3/sec. depending on the percentage of carbon fiber used in the blend.
محمود عيسى الفاما (2015)

Abstract Against the background due to the energy crisis in the late 1970’s, the pinch analysis has emerged as a powerful tool for the integrated design of process heat networks which include heat exchangers, distillation columns, furnaces, etc..The key strategy of this methodology is to set energy targets prior to design based on basic thermodynamic principles.The subject of this thesis in to apply this analysis to one of the Libyan Refineries, namely Ras Lanuf Refinery, to assess energy utilization of such big energy – consuming plants and to explore the potential of energy as well as capital costs savings based on the finding of applying this analysis. Based on actual operating data collected from the plant and application of the procedure of the pinch analysis to this real case study where a minimum temperature difference approach in the Ras Lanuf refinery heat exchangers design of 10 (ΔT min =10 ) the following results were obtained. Actual rate of energy consumption of the base case design of the refinery is 9MW which is provided by burning fuel oil in the furnace, while the minimum target predicted by the pinch analysis should be 8MW. This amounts to just over 11% energy savings which equivalent to $462,000 per year reduction in the operating cost of the refinery
هويدة الهادي الحبيشي (2011)

دراسة ضمان التدفق هو احدي أهم العمليات التحليلية لمرور الزيت والغاز خلال الأنابيب والمعدات البتروكيميائية. هذه الدراسة تساعدنا فى تصميم وتشغيل وصيانة خطوط الزيت و الغازوخاصة الخطوط الموجودة في أعماق البحار. يعتبر الشمع والهيدريت من أهم المشاكل التى تواجه نقل الزيت والغاز عبر الأنابيب هذه المشاكل تكلف خسائر مالية كبيرة عن طريق اغلاق جزء من انابيب نقل الزيت والغاز. ولتجنب الوقوع فى خطر الهيدريت والشمع يجب ان تكون كل من درجة الحرارة والضغط بعيدة عن تكون الشمع والهيدريت. تضمنت هذه الدراسة تضمنت فحص تأتير كل من اللزوجة, متوسط الوزن الجزئ, نسبة الشمع, سمك العازل, الزمن ودرجة الحرارة الخارجية على ترسب الشمع على جدار أنابيب النقل. وكذلك قمنا بدراسة متى وأين يتكون الهيدريت باختيار زيوت وغازات مختلفة. من أهم النتائج التى تحصلنا عليها من خلال دراسة ترسب الشمع على الأنابيب وتكون الهيدريت كالأتي :أقل لزوجة في الزيوت الشمعية كانت عنده أعلى قيمة ترسب الشمغ علي الأنبوب .زيادة سمك العازل ودرجة الحرارة المحيطة تقلل ترسب الشمع على الأنابيب .زيادة زمن التشغيل تزيد من ترسب الشمع علي الأنابيب .دراسة تكون الهيدريت باستخدام برنامج كمبيوتر (HYSYS وPVTSIM) كانت النتائج المعملية قريبة من النتائج المعملية عند درجة حرارة وضغط منخفض. اضافة مواد كيميائية احدى الطرق التى تبعدنا عن خطر تكون الهيدريت. Abstract Flow assurance is the analysis of thermal, hydraulic and production chemistry issues during the flow of fluids through pipelines and process equipments in the oil and gas industry. These issues arise during the design, operation and maintenance of Gas/oil supply systems, which are often in deep water or challenging environments. Flow assurance studies are usually carried out at design and production stages to insure oil and gas flow in pipe lines and process equipment without any problems. Wax and hydrates are problems associated while gas and oil are transported. Wax deposition is a serious field problem encountered during crude oil production that causes plugging of pipe line, well tubing and process equipment. Wax crystals lead to oil high viscosity and decreased pumping capacity. Gas hydrates are a well-known problem in the oil and gas industry and cost millions of dollars in production and transmission pipelines. To prevent this problem, it is important to predict the temperature and pressure under which gas hydrates will form. This work aims to investigate the major flow assurance aspect (wax deposition and hydrates formation) in flow lines. This may include; Effect of oil viscosity, oil wax percent, average moleculer weight of oil, ambient temperature, insulation thickness and time duration on wax deposition rate in pipelines. In addition concerning hydrates, the main important issue is when and where hydrates will form in flow lines and gas pipelines. five different oils and different gases from literature where selected and utilized as working examples.The important results of wax deposition and hydrate formation are as the following: The lowest viscosity of five crude oils give us the maximum total volume deposition.Increasing of insulation thickness and ambient temperature causes decreasing wax layer deposition.Increasing of time duration causes increasing of wax layer thickness. Hydrate formation by using HYSYS and PVTSIM at law temperature and law pressure is closed to the hydrate formation by experimentally. Adding chemicals (inhibitors) saved the gas through a pipeline from the risk of hydrate formation. The obtained results show that wax deposition and hydrates formation can be predicted with good accuracy with computer soft ware.
المبروك فرحات المسلاتي (2014)